China is making fast inroads in the market for newbuild liquefied natural gas (LNG) tankers as local and foreign shipowners turn to its shipbuilders for the specialty vessels because long dominant yards in South Korea are fully booked.
Three Chinese shipyards - only one of them having experience building large LNG tankers - won nearly 30% of this year's record orders for 163 new gas carriers, claiming ground in a sector where South Korea usually captures most of the business.
LNG tanker order books for Chinese yards tripled as China's gas traders, and fleet operators sought to secure shipping after freight rates soared to records following the upending of global energy supply flows by Russia's invasion of Ukraine.
With South Korean shipbuilders swamped by orders to service Qatar's massive North Field expansion, Chinese yards also attracted more foreign bookings, including first overseas orders for some ship makers only recently certified to build membrane-type LNG carriers.
"As more Chinese gas traders engage local shipyards, they will be forced to climb the learning curve and eventually grow the whole industry," said Li Yao, founder of Beijing-based consultancy SIA Energy.
Chinese shipyards this year won 45 LNG tanker orders worth an estimated $9.8 billion, about five times their 2021 order values, according to shipping data provider Clarksons Research. By late November, Chinese yards had grown their LNG order books to 66 from 21, giving them 21% of global orders worth around $60 billion. Comparatively, Chinese shipyards built just 9% of the existing global LNG fleet, according to Clarksons.
STEEP CURVE
Shanghai-based Hudong-Zhonghua Shipbuilding is the only Chinese yard with experience building large LNG carriers, delivering dozens going back to 2008. This year, it took 75% of China's new orders.
Hudong-Zhonghua shared 26 orders from local owners - versus nine the last two years - with fellow China State Shipbuilding Corporation units, Dalian Shipbuilding Industry and Jiangnan Shipyard (Group), according to Clarksons and industry officials.
Two other yards - China Merchants Heavy Industry (CMHI) and Yangzijiang Shipbuilding YAZG.SI - were certified to build large LNG carriers this year and have attracted interest from local and foreign shippers. LNG tankers, like aircraft carriers, are among the most difficult vessels to build, taking up to 30 months.
For membrane-type containment tanks alone, 200 workers spend two months welding barrier walls made of paper-thin steel and 130 km (81 miles) of connecting lines. Workers on these systems for housing gas chilled to minus 160 Celsius (minus 260 Fahrenheit) for shipping also have to be certified by Gaztransport & Technigaz (GTT), a French engineering company that holds the patents and licences its designs to shipbuilders.
"The learning curve will be steeper for the newer builders ... We'll also face a shortage of skilled workers," said Hu Keyi, corporate technology chief at Jiangnan Shipyard. Jiangnan is building its first 80,000 cubic meters (cu m) tanker for Guangdong-based trader JOVO Energy and won an order in March from Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) for two 175,000 cu m LNG carriers.
"Considering relatively low financing costs thanks to Chinese banks' support ... investing in a newbuild offers greater security versus term chartering," said Jacky Cai, a director at JOVO Energy, which is considering ordering a larger tanker. U.S. GAS China's demand for LNG tankers is propelled by a need to ship 20 million tonnes a year of gas from the United States, part of a boom set to swell the global LNG fleet by a third over the next five years, said Robert Songer, an analyst at commodity consultancy ICIS.
China needs about 80 vessels to transport U.S. LNG, said SIA Energy's Li.
"Apart from servicing Chinese demand ... the vessels may also be used to trade cargoes on other routes," said Stephen Gordon, managing director of Clarksons Research.
Strong local shipbuilding benefits state energy giants PetroChina, China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) and Sinopec, and private firm ENN Natural Gas Co, helping to better secure a fuel key to meeting China's 2060 carbon-neutral target.
PetroChina and CNOOC lined up orders at Hudong-Zhonghua earlier than their peers, mostly via joint ventures with state shippers COSCO Shipping Energy Transportation 600026.SS and China Merchants Energy Shipping (CMES), following President Xi Jinping's call for energy security.
Sinopec, a minority stakeholder of CMES, is also in talks to secure newbuilds at Jiangnan and Dalian, industry officials told Reuters. Sinopec declined to comment. COSCO Shipping Energy is "ready to work hand-in-hand with shipowners and yards," Qin Jiong, a company vice president, told an industry seminar last month, pointing to another advantage of using local shipyards.
FOREIGN ORDERS
While their labor costs are higher, Korean yards - such as Hyundai Heavy Industries and Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering - are more efficient in design and construction and have a local supply chain, said Sunny Xu, founder of Singapore-based LNG solution provider C-LNG.
"Shipowners seem to have a more positive view about Korean shipyards ... to realize the design shipowners want, ability to meet deadlines, and problem-free operation," said a South Korean shipbuilding industry source who declined to be identified.
Still, Chinese yards received 19 foreign orders for LNG tankers this year and that number is likely to grow. "Chinese yards have become more attractive because of the South Korean backlog, as well as rising costs," said ICIS analyst Songer.
Chinese yards' relationship with GTT also helps, he said.
"It is a fair assumption that China will start building a lot more vessels in the future." Spot LNG freight rates double this winter vs lasthttps://tmsnrt.rs/3FgvMDX
Chinese shipyards expand share in global LNG tanker fleethttps://tmsnrt.rs/3OSxKO3
(Reporting by Chen Aizhu; Additional reporting by Joyce Lee in Seoul; Editing by Tom Hogue)
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